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EP-319| Glycation: When Sugar Sticks to Your Body | গ্লাইকেশন: যখন চিনি শরীরের সঙ্গে আটকে যায়| wellness podcast

What is glycation? | Glycation কী? 1. Food → Glucose English: When we eat carbohydrates such as rice, roti, bread, potatoes, fruits, and sweets, digestion breaks many carbohydrates down into glucose. Glucose enters the blood. বাংলা: আমরা ভাত, রুটি, পাউরুটি, আলু, ফল বা মিষ্টি খেলে শরীর অনেক carbohydrate ভেঙে glucose তৈরি করে। Glucose রক্তে প্রবেশ করে। 2. Insulin helps manage glucose English: After eating, blood glucose usually rises. Insulin helps many cells take in glucose and use it for energy or store it as glycogen. বাংলা: খাবারের পর রক্তে glucose বাড়ে। Insulin শরীরের বিভিন্ন কোষকে glucose গ্রহণ করতে সাহায্য করে—কোষ তা energy হিসেবে ব্যবহার করতে পারে বা glycogen হিসেবে জমা রাখতে পারে। 3. When glucose stays high for too long English: Glucose itself is necessary. The concern is prolonged or frequent exposure to elevated blood glucose. বাংলা: Glucose নিজে খারাপ নয়—শরীরের energy-এর জন্য এটি দরকার। সমস্যা হতে পারে যখন রক্তে glucose দীর্ঘ সময় বা বারবার বেশি থাকে। 4. Glucose can stick to proteins English: Some glucose can chemically attach to proteins or other molecules without an enzyme controlling the reaction. This is called glycation. বাংলা: কিছু glucose শরীরের protein বা অন্য molecule-এর সঙ্গে রাসায়নিকভাবে যুক্ত হতে পারে, যেখানে enzyme এই reaction নিয়ন্ত্রণ করে না। এটাকেই বলা হয় glycation। 5. More glucose exposure → more opportunity for glycation English: More prolonged glucose exposure means more opportunities for glycation. বাংলা: রক্তে glucose যত বেশি এবং যত দীর্ঘ সময় থাকে, glycation হওয়ার সুযোগও তত বাড়ে। 6. Glycation can form AGEs English: Glycation-related reactions can progress and form compounds called AGEs — Advanced Glycation End Products. বাংলা: Glycation-এর পর আরও chemical reaction হতে পারে এবং AGEs (Advanced Glycation End Products) তৈরি হতে পারে। 7. Easy example Think of a white shirt + sugary drink. If sugary residue stays on the shirt, it can become sticky. In the body, glucose can chemically attach to proteins. সহজ উদাহরণ: সাদা জামায় মিষ্টি পানীয় পড়লে শুকিয়ে sticky হয়ে যেতে পারে। শরীরের ক্ষেত্রে glucose কিছু protein-এর সঙ্গে chemicalভাবে যুক্ত হতে পারে। এটি শুধু বোঝানোর জন্য একটি analogy। 8. HbA1c is a real example English: Glucose can attach to hemoglobin. HbA1c reflects average blood-glucose exposure over roughly the previous 2–3 months. বাংলা: Glucose hemoglobin-এর সঙ্গে যুক্ত হতে পারে। HbA1c সাধারণত আগের প্রায় ২–৩ মাসের average blood-glucose exposure সম্পর্কে ধারণা দেয়। 9. Glycation ≠ insulin resistance English: They are related but different. Insulin resistance means cells don't respond normally to insulin. Glycation means sugar chemically attaches to proteins or other molecules without enzymatic control. বাংলা: Insulin resistance আর glycation এক জিনিস নয়। Insulin resistance-এ কোষ insulin-এর প্রতি স্বাভাবিকভাবে respond করে না। Glycation হলো glucose-এর protein বা অন্য molecule-এর সঙ্গে non-enzymatic chemical attachment। 10. Where can it matter? Glycation-related processes can involve proteins associated with blood vessels, eyes, collagen, nervous system and kidneys. বাংলা: Glycation-related processes রক্তনালী, চোখ, collagen, nervous system এবং kidney-এর সঙ্গে সম্পর্কিত protein ও tissue-তে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ হতে পারে। 🔄 পুরো বিষয়টি এক লাইনেFood → Glucose → Blood glucose → prolonged high exposure → Glycation → Glycated products → AGEs → possible tissue effectsবাংলা: খাবার → Glucose → রক্তে glucose → দীর্ঘ সময় বেশি glucose → Glycation → Glycated products → AGEs → tissue-এর উপর সম্ভাব্য প্রভাব। 🧠 Common Man-এর জন্য 5টি কথা - Glucose শরীরের জন্য দরকার। Glucose শরীরের energy-এর একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ source। - Glucose protein-এর সঙ্গে যুক্ত হতে পারে। এটিই glycation। - একবার মিষ্টি খেলেই বিপজ্জনক glycation হয়ে যায়—এমন নয়। মূল বিষয় হলো দীর্ঘ সময়ের glucose exposure। - Glycation থেকে কিছু AGEs তৈরি হতে পারে। - Glycation aging-এর একমাত্র কারণ নয়। Aging-এর সঙ্গে oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction এবং আরও অনেক biological process জড়িত। সহজ সংজ্ঞা:Glycation = রক্তের glucose-এর protein বা অন্য molecule-এর সঙ্গে enzyme ছাড়া chemicalভাবে যুক্ত হওয়া।

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Nicotine and the cardiovascular system: unmasking a global public health threat

Abstract. Nicotine-containing products, whether combustible or smokeless, pose a growing threat to cardiovascular (CV) health. While tobacco smoking contin

neurosciencenews.com

The Brain Is Two Separate Organs Joined by Evolution - Neuroscience News

A new study reveals the human brain is composed of two independently evolved organs, enabling the first lab-grown human hindbrain neurons.

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Five facts about memory and the brain

Memories of “firsts”—a first kiss, first love, first heartbreak—feel permanent. But why do we remember some moments yet forget others?

dlvr.it

Coherent oscillations across the human #brain, spinal cord, and muscle network

Spedden et al. use optically pumped magnetometers to record magnetic fields from the human brain and spinal cord at the same time. Coherent 10–35 Hz activity links the sensorimotor cortex, cervical spinal cord, and hand muscle. The coupling is bidirectional, and the cord does not act as a passive relay.

en.killbait.com

Stanford Research Reveals Human Brain Comprises Two Evolutionarily Distinct Nervous Systems

New research led by Stanford Medicine has revealed that the human brain is not a single organ but rather consists of two distinct nervous systems that evolved independently over hundreds of millions of years. According to the study published in a Stanford University article, these two systems are the more primitive brainstem (responsible for regulating heart rate, breathing, and other autonomic functions) and the more advanced forebrain/midbrain (capable of complex cognitive functions such as poetry, mathematics, and self-reflection). The discovery explains why scientists have struggled for decades to grow certain types of brain cells in the laboratory, particularly hindbrain neurons, which follow a separate developmental pathway from the forebrain and midbrain. The researchers discovered that during embryonic development, the hindbrain follows a parallel developmental path rather than branching off from the forebrain/midbrain pathway. This finding resolves longstanding challenges in neuroscience, as scientists had been attempting to convert one type of progenitor cell into another that it was fundamentally incapable of becoming. The breakthrough allowed researchers to successfully coax human pluripotent stem cells to become functional hindbrain motor neurons for the first time. The study also examined evolutionary patterns across species, finding that the same two-origin brain structure exists in chickens, zebrafish, and acorn worms, which share a distant common ancestor with humans. Even jellyfish, which diverged from humans approximately 600-700 million years ago, have two separate nervous systems at different ends of their body. The researchers suggest that evolution combined these two pre-existing neural systems spatially, rather than fusing them into a single organ. This discovery has significant implications for understanding neurological diseases affecting the brainstem, such as spinal muscular atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and could open new avenues for research and treatment.